ECE

Consider a wave propagating in Z direction. So the components present are EX,EY,HX,HY and the components EZ = HZ = 0 Polarization is not present in the direction of wave propagation Consider E = E1 cos (ωt-βz )aX + E2 cos (ωt-βz+φ )aY The wave is propagating is in positive Z direction Where φ indicates phase difference between x and...

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It decreases the steady state error without effecting the stability Its transfer function is KP + KI / S = (KPS + KI)/S PI controller adds one pole at origin which increases TYPE. As TYPE increases steady state error decreases. It also adds one finite zero in left of s-plane which avoids the effect on stability Example   ...